Death at scene of motor vehicle crash
Fall from height
Head rotated time of collision
High-speed motor vehicle crash
Lack of preparation of collision
Multiple extremity fractures
Pelvic fracture
Previous cervical spine surgery
Previous cervical spine trauma
Significant closed head injury
Concordant mechanism of injury
Neck pain
Preservation of perianal sensation
Preservation of rectal motor function
Sacral sparing
Plantar response babinski sign
Positive hoffman sign
Posterior cervical tenderness
Bilateral weakness
Bone metastasis