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Alzheimer Disease

 Syn. AD

Signs & Symptoms

 Memory deficits
Ref: Uptodate [ Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease] Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/317/Alzheimer-disease]
Loss of recall of the names of recent visitors
Ref: Uptodate [ Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease] Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/317/Alzheimer-disease]
Impaired recall
Ref: Uptodate [ Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease] Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/317/Alzheimer-disease]
Loss of recent memory
Ref: Uptodate [ Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease] Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/317/Alzheimer-disease]

Physical Examination

 Impaired Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination
Note: MMSE is the most commonly used screening test
Ref: Uptodate [ Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease] Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]
Abnormality in digit span and reverse-trail making test for attention and memory
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]
Abnormality in Wisconsin card sorting test and trails B for executive functioning
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]

Lab / Serology

 Mutations in presenilin 1
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]
Mutations in presenilin 2
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]
hypernatremia (negative symptom)
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]

Imagin Study

 Predominance basal temporal lobe atrophy
Ref: Uptodate [ Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease] Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]
Triphasic periodic sharp wave complexes (negative symptom)
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]
Predominance medial temporal lobe atrophy
Ref: Uptodate [ Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease] Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31731/Alzheimer-disease/Diagnostic-Approach]

Complication

 Only fragments of memory remaining
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/317/Alzheimer-disease]

Risk Factors

 Elder
Ref: Epocrates [ Alzheimer disease]
Smoking
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31732/Alzheimer-disease/Risk-Factors]
Hypertension
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/31732/Alzheimer-disease/Risk-Factors]

Cause

Other