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Kidney Stones

 Syn. Nephrolithiasis , Renal stones , Renal Calculi

Signs & Symptoms

 Waxing and waning pain
Ref: Uptodate [ Diagnosis and acute management of suspected nephrolithiasis in adults]
acute periumbilical abdominal pain (negative symptom)
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
sudden onset of abdominal pain radiating to the back (negative symptom)
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
epigastric pain radiates to the back (negative symptom)
Note: epigastric pain that radiates to the back, as opposed to flank pain.
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]

Physical Examination

 Cervical motion tenderness (negative symptom) Gr. Female
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
Point tenderness upon muscular palpation (negative symptom)
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
patient collapse (negative symptom)
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]

Lab / Serology

 Microscopic hematuria
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
Crystalluria
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
More calcium oxalate crystals in the urine
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]

Imagin Study

 Calcification in renal collecting system
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
Calcification in ureter
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
thick-walled rim-enhancing adnexal masses (negative symptom) Gr. Female
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]

Complication

 Acute kidney injury
Note: From obstructive uropathy in the setting of bilateral obstruction or unilateral obstruction
Ref: Cecil [ 337]
Urinary tract infection
Ref: Harrison [ 2168] Cecil [ 337]
Urinary tract obstruction
Ref: Uptodate [ Diagnosis and acute management of suspected nephrolithiasis in adults] Cecil [ 337]

Risk Factors

 Cystinuria
Ref: Harrison [ 2169]
Diabetic
Ref: Uptodate [ Diagnosis and acute management of suspected nephrolithiasis in adults]
Primary hyperoxaluria
Ref: Harrison [ 2169]

Cause

 Hypercalcemia
Note: due to hyperparathyroidism
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
Hyperuricemia
Note: due to gout
Ref: Epocrates [ https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/22532/Nephrolithiasis/Risk-Factors]
Upper urinary tract infections
Ref: Uptodate [ Diagnosis and acute management of suspected nephrolithiasis in adults] Harrison [ 2168]

Other